This graphic shows the thickness (in kilometers) of the North American lithosphere. The blue area is about 250 km thick and, based on new findings reported in Nature, is composed of a 3-billion ...

If the icy layer was ... of the ice shell thickness is consistent with the previous work based on the observation, but we further constrain the ice structure, comprising the lithosphere and ...

But landforms can also be created when the lithosphere, which consists of the crust and the relatively brittle upper layer of the mantle, gets especially thick. Mountains create a lot of pressure ...