South African poultry industry suffers R1. 8 billion in losses as experts warn of potential human transmission risks from the ...

Christopher Lee, DVM, MPH, DACVPM, explains why early detection and enhanced biosecurity are essential for mitigating the spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza ...

Antigenic drift is the process whereby mutations accumulate ... viruses with slightly different antigenic profiles. Antigenic shift occurs when the surface hemagglutinin and neuraminidase segments ...

But the vaccine is only partially protective and the virus undergoes antigenic drift, ie, slight changes ... persons in the population. Antigenic shift, a major change in external antigens ...

The immune system responds to an infection by producing antibodies that recognize and bind to the cell surface of the pathogen, thus marking it as an intruder and triggering an immune response. For ...

A new study by LMU and Helmholtz Munich shows how pathogens control changes in their cell surface to evade the immune system.