Previously, such blobs of equatorial water were only discovered in the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean, but not the ...

The initial stimulus may also appear in the ocean: if the thermocline deepens in the east or the temperature of upwelled waters rises (effects that can originate outside the tropics), upwelling ...

“During El Niño, anomalous sea surface temperature ... persisting through dramatic changes in global temperature and geography. The identification of thermocline depth and atmospheric noise ...

(It's always raining over an El Niño, and the rainwater dilutes the sea.) Both of these conditions contribute to buoyancy. A sharp temperature and density change—called the thermocline—floats ...

Water flowing over variable seabed topography can experience strong mixing which is particularly effective where the vertical temperature gradients are weak (limited thermocline) as often happens ...