The biogeochemical cycles proceed through biological ... are the element cycles of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S), as well as the water (H 2 O) cycle.

In 1934, Alfred Redfield discovered that the ratio of carbon to nitrogen to phosphorus is a nearly ... invaluable in understanding marine biogeochemical cycles, but, 80 years later, subtle ...