DNA is fundamental to the biology of all life on Earth, but how many of us actually know what it is or what it's made of?

The picture shows a close-up of one carbon atom. A hydrogen atom has one proton as the nucleus and one electron in the region outside the nucleus. The electron and proton are attracted to each other.

But carbon cannot be removed from all parts of society ... ideally resulting in multiple uses of each carbon atom. Single-use carbon can no longer be widespread, the roadmap authors assert.

The number of bonds a carbon atom forms with other elements in a compound determines its chemical structure and behavior. Normally, a carbon atom shares all four of its valence electrons to create ...